Original title: See enough at a time: 22 kinds of evaporation, crystallization equipment structure and working principle diagram! Source: Chemical 707 Forum 1 Central-circulation tubular evaporator The heating chamber of the central circulation tube evaporator is composed of a vertical heating tube bundle (boiling tube bundle). In the center of the tube bundle, there is a tube with a larger diameter, called the central circulation tube, whose cross-sectional area is generally 40-100% of the total cross-sectional area of the heating tube bundle. When the heating medium is introduced between the tubes for heating, since the heated area of the liquid per unit volume in the heating tube is larger than that in the central circulating tube, the relative density of the liquid in the heating tube is small, resulting in a density difference between the liquid in the heating pipe and that in the central circulating tube, which causes the solution to flow in a natural circulation of descending from the central circulation tube and then ascending from the heating pipe. The circulation speed of the solution depends on the density difference produced by the solution and the length of the tube. The greater the density difference, the longer the tube, and the greater the circulation speed of the solution. However, this type of evaporator is limited by the total height, so the length of the heating tube is short, generally 1 ~ 2 m, the diameter is 25 ~ 75 mm, and the length-diameter ratio is 20 ~ 40. Performance characteristics: The central circulation tube evaporator has the advantages of compact structure, convenient manufacture and reliable operation, so it is widely used in industry and is known as the so-called "standard evaporator". But in fact, due to the limitation of structure, its circulation speed is relatively low (generally below 0.5m/s); and because the solution circulates continuously in the heating tube, its concentration is always close to the concentration of the finished solution, so the boiling point of the solution is high and the effective temperature difference is reduced. In addition, the cleaning and maintenance of the equipment is not convenient enough. 2 Externally heated evaporator The structural feature of the externally heated evaporator is that the heating chamber is separated from the separation chamber, which not only facilitates cleaning and replacement, but also reduces the total height of the evaporator. Because the heating pipe is long (the ratio of the pipe length to the pipe diameter is 50-100), and the solution in the circulating pipe is not heated, the circulating speed of the solution is high, which can reach 1.5m/s. 3 Rising film evaporator The heating chamber of the rising film evaporator is composed of one or several vertical long tubes. The diameter of the heating tube is usually 25 ~ 50mm, and the ratio of the tube length to the tube diameter is 100 ~ 150. After being preheated, the raw material liquid enters from the bottom of the evaporator, and the heated steam is condensed outside the tube. When the solution is heated and boiled, it vaporizes rapidly, and the generated secondary steam rises at a high speed in the tube, driving the liquid to flow upward along the inner wall of the tube in a film shape, and the rising liquid film continues to evaporate due to heating. Therefore, the solution is gradually concentrated in the process of rising from the bottom to the top of the evaporator, and the concentrated solution enters the separation chamber and is discharged from the bottom of the separator after being separated from the secondary steam. The secondary steam velocity at the outlet of the heating tube under normal pressure shall not be less than 10 m/s, generally 20 ~ 50 m/s, and sometimes 100 ~ 160 m/s or higher during decompression operation. Expand the full text Performance characteristics: The climbing film evaporator is suitable for the solution with large evaporation capacity (i.e. dilute solution), heat sensitivity and easy foaming, but not suitable for the solution with high viscosity, crystal precipitation or easy scaling. 4 Horizontal evaporator It is basically similar to the structure of the horizontal shell and tube condenser. According to the way of liquid supply, it can be divided into shell and tube evaporator and dry evaporator. Horizontal shell and tube evaporators are widely used in closed saline circulation systems. Performance characteristics: Compact structure, good contact between liquid and heat transfer surface, high heat transfer coefficient. However, it needs to be filled with a large amount of refrigerant, and the liquid column will have a certain impact on the evaporation temperature. And when the concentration of the saline is reduced or the brine pump is shut down for some reason, the saline may be frozen in the pipe. If the refrigerant is Freon, it is difficult for the lubricating oil dissolved in the Freon to return to the compressor. In addition, it is necessary to stop working during cleaning. 5 Vertical tube type cold water tank evaporator 6 Spiral tube evaporator The common point of vertical tube and spiral tube evaporators is that the refrigerant evaporates in the tubes, and the whole evaporator tube group is immersed in the box (or pool, tank) filled with secondary refrigerant. In order to ensure that the secondary refrigerant circulates in the box at a certain speed, a longitudinal partition is welded in the box and a spiral stirrer is installed. The coolant flow rate is generally 0.3 ~ 0.7 m/s to enhance heat transfer. Performance characteristics: Vertical tube and spiral tube evaporators can only be used in open cycle systems, so the secondary refrigerant must be non-volatile substances, such as saline and water. If saline is used, the evaporator tubes are easily oxidized, and the saline is easy to absorb moisture and reduce the concentration. These two evaporators can directly observe the flow of secondary refrigerant and are widely used in saline refrigeration system with ammonia as refrigerant. 7 Cooling tube bank A cooling calandria is an evaporator used to cool the air. It is widely used in low temperature cold storage. The refrigerant flows and evaporates in the cooling tube, and the cooled air outside the tube as the heat transfer medium makes natural convection. Performance characteristics: The biggest advantage of the cooling calandria is that it is simple in structure, easy to make, and causes less dry loss to the non-packaged food stored in the warehouse. However, the heat transfer coefficient of the calandria is low, and the defrosting operation is difficult, which is not conducive to the realization of automation. For the ammonia direct cooling system, the seamless steel tube is welded, and the smooth tube or wound finned tube is used; for the Freon system, the wound or set finned copper tube is mostly used. 8 Coil type calandria Coil type jacking pipe gravity liquid supply or ammonia pump liquid supply can be used; single-row and double-row coil type wall calandria can be used for an ammonia pump liquid supply system and a gravity liquid supply system of a bottom-in and top-out type, and a single coil type calandria can also be used for an ammonia pump top in and bottom out liquid supply system and a thermal expansion valve liquid supply system. Performance characteristics: The coiled calandria has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, small liquid storage and strong applicability. Its main disadvantage is that the steam produced in the lower section of the calandria can not be drawn out in time and can only be discharged after passing through the full length of the calandria, so the heat transfer coefficient is small and the vapor-liquid two-phase flow resistance is large. 9 Air cooler (air cooler) Air cooler is a complete set of equipment composed of axial flow fan and cooling calandria. It relies on the fan to force the air in the warehouse to flow through the cooling pipes in the box for heat exchange, so as to cool the air and achieve the purpose of reducing the temperature of the warehouse. The air cooler can be divided into dry type, wet type and dry-wet mixed type according to the way of cooling air. Among them, the refrigerant or secondary refrigerant flows in the calandria and passes through the tube wall to cool the air outside the tube, which is called dry air cooler; the sprayed secondary refrigerant liquid directly exchanges heat with the air, which is called wet air cooler; the mixed air cooler has a secondary refrigerant spraying device in addition to cooling the calandria. Dry air coolers commonly used in cold storage can be divided into ceiling type and floor type according to their installation positions. They are all composed of air cooling pipes, ventilators and defrosting devices, and the cooling pipes in the air cooler are all sheet-type. Large dry air coolers are often floor-mounted. 10 External circulation type evaporation equipment The evaporator is characterized in that the heating pipe is lengthened and the heating chamber is arranged outside the evaporator, so that the total length of the evaporator can be reduced, and meanwhile, the circulating pipe is not heated by steam, so that the natural circulation speed of the solution is higher. 11 Basket evaporator It is an improvement of the central circulation tube evaporator. The heating chamber is like a hanging basket, which is hung at the lower part of the evaporator shell and can be taken out from the top for easy cleaning and replacement. The heat medium enters that heat chamber through the central steam pipe, and there is an annular channel between the outer wall of the heating cham and the inner wall of the evaporator shell, which acts like a central circulating pipe. During operation, the solution descends along the annulus and ascends along the heating tube, forming a natural circulation. Generally, wiped film evaporator ,rotary vacuum evaporator, the cross-sectional area of the annular gap is about 100-150% of the total area of the heating tube, so the solution circulation rate is relatively high (about 1-1.5m/s). Since the boiling liquid is in contact with the evaporator shell at a lower temperature, there is less heat loss. Performance characteristics: The basket-type evaporator is suitable for evaporating the solution which is easy to scale or has crystal precipitation. Its disadvantage is that the structure is complex and the amount of equipment materials required for unit heat transfer surface is large. 12 Levin evaporator The structure of the Levin evaporator is characterized in that a boiling chamber is additionally arranged at the upper part of the heating chamber. In this way, the solution in the heating chamber can be vaporized only when it rises to the boiling chamber due to the action of this additional liquid column. A longitudinal partition is installed above the boiling chamber to prevent bubbles from growing. In addition, since the circulation pipe is not heated, the driving force for the circulation of the solution is large. The height of the circulating pipe is generally 7 ~ 8 m, and its cross-sectional area is about 200 ~ 350% of the total cross-sectional area of the heating pipe. Therefore, the flow resistance in the circulating pipe is small, and the circulating speed can be as high as 2 to 3 m/s. Performance characteristics: The advantages of Levin evaporator are high circulation speed and good heat transfer effect. Because the solution does not boil in the heating tube, it can avoid the precipitation of crystals in the heating tube, so it is suitable for the treatment of solutions with crystal precipitation or easy scaling. Its disadvantage is that the equipment is huge and the required plant is high. In addition, since the static pressure of the liquid layer is large, the pressure of the heating steam is required to be high. 13 Forced circulation evaporator The above evaporators are all natural circulation evaporators, that is, the circulation of the solution is caused by the density difference of the solution in the heating tube and the circulating tube. The circulation speed is generally low, and it is not suitable to deal with the solution with high viscosity, easy scaling and a large number of precipitated crystals. For the evaporation of such solutions, a forced circulation type evaporator may be used. This kind of evaporator uses external power (circulating pump) to make the solution circulate at a high speed in a certain direction. The circulation speed can be controlled by adjusting the flow of the pump. Generally, the circulation speed is above 2.5m/s. Performance characteristics: This kind of evaporator has the advantages of large heat transfer coefficient and good adaptability to materials with high viscosity or easy crystallization and scaling, but its power consumption is large. 14 Falling film evaporator The difference between the falling-film evaporator and the rising-film evaporator is that the feed liquid is added from the top of the heating tube. Under the action of its own gravity, the solution flows downward along the inner wall of the tube in a film shape and is evaporated and concentrated. The vapor-liquid mixture enters the separation chamber from the bottom of the heating tube. After gas-liquid separation, the finished liquid is discharged from the bottom of the separator. In order to make the solution form a uniform film on the wall, the top of each heating tube needs to be equipped with a liquid film distributor. There are many types of film distributor, three of which are commonly used. A cylinder with a spiral groove is used as the draft tube, and the liquid flows down along the groove and is distributed on the inner wall of the whole tube. The lower part of the draft tube is a cone, and the bottom of the cone is concave downward to prevent the liquid flowing down along the cone slope from gathering in the center. The liquid descends along the inner wall of the heating tube in a film shape through the tooth gap. Performance characteristics: The falling film evaporator can evaporate the solution with higher concentration, and is also suitable for the material with higher viscosity. However, it is not suitable for the solution which is easy to crystallize or scale. In addition, because the liquid film is not easy to distribute evenly in the tube, its heat transfer coefficient is smaller than that of the climbing film evaporator. 15 Scraper film evaporator The scraper film evaporator uses the scraper action of the rotating scraper to distribute the liquid on the wall of the heating pipe. Its outstanding advantage is that it has strong adaptability to materials, such as materials with high viscosity, heat sensitivity, easy crystallization and scaling. A heating steam jacket is arranged outside the shell of the scraper film evaporator, and a rotatable stirring scraper is arranged inside the shell of the scraper film evaporator, wherein the rotating scraper can be fixed or movable. The gap between the former and the inner wall of the shell is 0.75 ~ 1.5 mm, and the gap between the latter and the wall of the shell varies with the number of revolutions of the stirring shaft. After the feed liquid is added from the upper part of the evaporator along the tangential direction, the solution forms a downward spiral film on the inner wall of the shell under the drive of gravity and the rotary scraper, and is continuously evaporated and concentrated in the descending process to obtain the finished liquid at the bottom. In some cases, the solution may be evaporated to dryness to obtain a solid product directly from the bottom. Performance characteristics: The disadvantages of this kind of evaporator are complex structure, large power consumption, small heat transfer area, generally 3 ~ 4 m2, the maximum is not more than 20 m2, so its processing capacity is small. 16 MVR falling film evaporator The material stock solution is added from the upper tube box of the heat exchanger, the material is distributed into each heat exchange tube through the liquid distributor, a uniform liquid film is formed along the inner wall of the heat exchange tube, the liquid film in the tube is heated by the heating steam of the shell side in the downward flow process, and the liquid film is boiled and evaporated while flowing downward. And that material at the bottom end of the heat exchange tube become concentrated solution and secondary steam. The concentrated solution falls into the lower channel box, and the secondary steam enters the gas-liquid separator. In the gas-liquid separator, the liquid droplets entrained in the vapor are removed, and the pure vapor is transferred from the separator to the compressor. The compressor compresses the secondary steam and delivers it as heating steam to the shell side of the heat exchanger for the heat source of the evaporator. And that continuous evaporation proces is realized. Performance characteristics: 1. High heat exchange efficiency 2. Small floor area And 3, the retention time of the materials is short, and the materials are not easy to deteriorate. 4. It is suitable for materials with higher viscosity. Scope of application: The falling-film evaporator is suitable for the pre-concentration process of MVR evaporation and crystallization, and can evaporate materials with high viscosity, especially heat-sensitive materials, but it is not suitable for the treatment of materials with crystallization. 17 MVR forced circulation evaporator The forced circulation evaporator consists of an evaporation separator, a heat exchanger and a forced circulation pump. The material in the heat exchange tube of the heat exchanger is heated by the steam outside the heat exchange tube to raise the temperature. Under the action of the circulating pump, the material rises into the evaporation separator, and the material is evaporated in the evaporation separator due to the decrease of the static pressure of the material. And secondary steam generate by evaporation overflows from that material, the material is concentrate to generate supersaturation so as to enable crystals to grow, the supersaturated material enters the for circulating pump and enters the heat exchanger under the action of the circulating pump, and the material is circulated in this way to continuously evaporate and concentrate or concentrate and crystallize. The crystal slurry is output from the circulating pipeline by a discharge pump. The secondary steam in the evaporation separator is delivered to the compressor after being purified by the separation and defoaming device at the upper part of the evaporation separator, and the compressor compresses the secondary steam and delivers the secondary steam to the shell side of the heat exchanger to be used as the heating steam of the evaporator, so as to realize the continuous evaporation of heat energy circulation. Performance characteristics: 1. Low heat transfer coefficient ； 2. The heat exchange surface is not easy to form scale or crystallization 。 Scope of application: It is suitable for the evaporation concentration or evaporation crystallization process of high-viscosity materials which are easy to scale and produce crystallization. 18 MVR Evaporation OSLO Crystallizer The OSLO evaporative crystallizer consists of an OSLO evaporator, a heat exchanger and a forced circulation pump. The material in the heat exchange tube of the heat exchanger is heated by the steam outside the heat exchange tube to raise the temperature. Under the action of the circulating pump, the material rises to the OSLO evaporative crystallizer, and the material is evaporated in the OSLO evaporative crystallizer due to the decrease of the static pressure of the material. The secondary steam generated by evaporation overflows from the material, and the material is concentrated to generate supersaturation. The supersaturated solution descends in the central tube of the OSLO evaporation crystallizer and fully contacts with the small crystals in the solution to further grow the crystals. The larger crystals are elutriated by the elutriation column, and the large crystals are precipitated below the elutriation column and transported to the thickener by the crystal slurry pump. Smaller crystals continue to grow in the OSLO crystallizer. The clarified liquid is delivered to the heat exchanger by the forced circulation pump for further heating, and the material is continuously evaporated and concentrated or concentrated and crystallized in this way. The secondary steam in the OSLO evaporation crystallizer is delivered to the compressor after being purified by the separation and defoaming device at the upper part of the separator. The compressor compresses the secondary steam and delivers it to the shell side of the heat exchanger to be used as the heating steam of the evaporator. And that heat energy circulation continuous evaporation is realize. Main features: 1, that crystal granularity is large and uniform; 2. Large equipment volume and high cost Scope of application: It is suitable for the production of materials requiring large crystal size. 19 MVR evaporation DTB crystallizer DTB type crystallizer is a typical crystallizer with internal circulation of crystal slurry. Because the crystallizer is provided with the inner draft tube, the circulating channel is formed, so that the crystal slurry has a good mixing condition, the supersaturation degree can be quickly eliminated in the evaporative crystallization, and the supersaturation degree of the solution can be kept at a lower level. It is especially suitable for products with steep solubility curve. The DTB type crystallizer has good performance and high production strength, can produce larger crystal grains, and is not easy to scab in the crystallizer. It has become one of the main forms of continuous crystallizer. Performance characteristics: High production strength, large crystal particles and stable performance. Scope of application: It is suitable for the production of materials with large crystal size and high production intensity. 20 Vertical crystallization box The vertical crystallization box is usually used for the products with small output and short crystallization period 21 Horizontal crystallization box If the output is large and the cycle is long, horizontal crystallization boxes are often used. (1) the volume is large, and the power consumed by the crystal suspension stirring is small; (2) materials with high crystallization speed can be operated in series for continuous crystallization. The best control for continuous operation is to make the solution start to generate crystal nuclei at the inlet, and generate enough crystal nuclei soon after entering the equipment. These crystal nuclei are suspended in the solution and grow into crystals as the solution moves slowly in the tank. And finally discharging from the other end of the crystallization tank. 22 Vacuum crystal boiling pot It is suitable for products with fast crystallization speed, easy natural crystallization and large crystal requirement, and can control the evaporation speed and feeding speed of the solution with simple structure. Pay attention to our energy-saving internal reference public micro-signal: jnnc01 We insist on original depth or selected every article, welcome to pay attention and share. If you need to reprint, please be sure to indicate the source, and retain the words "energy-saving internal reference" and two-dimensional code. I also hope to know more like-minded friends through this platform, communicate with each other, learn from each other, make progress together, and make a contribution to the cause of green environmental protection! 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Original Title: Good Helper for Railway Coal Transportation in Northern China in Winter-Anti-freezing Dust Suppressant Antifreezing dust suppressant is an antifreezing dust suppressant specially developed for railway coal transportation in northern China in winter. The dust suppressant well combines the dust suppression function and the anti-freezing function together, so that the dust suppressant not only has excellent moisture retention, bonding, film forming and crusting capabilities, but also has an effective anti-freezing function, thereby well solving the problems encountered in coal transportation by trains in northern areas in cold winter. The outstanding features of the antifreeze dust suppressant include: 1, that antifreeze dust suppressant organically combines dust suppression and antifreeze, so that the product has various effects of antifreezing,thin film distillation, moisturizing, bon, forming a film, forming a shell and the like. And 2,50l rotovap, the antifreezing dust suppressant is an instant type, is easy to dissolve in water, does not agglomerate or pill in water, reduces the stirring time, saves electric energy, reduces the labor intensity of workers, winterization filtration ,cbd crystallization equipment, and is more convenient to use. 3. The dust suppression component of the antifreezing dust suppressant is modified plant fiber, which can form a high-viscosity network structure when sprayed on the surface of coal, and has good dust suppression effect. 4. The antifreezing dust suppressant can greatly reduce the freezing point and prevent the bulk water-containing materials and wagons from freezing. In severe cold seasons or severe cold areas, the bulk materials containing water transported by wagons, such as mined coal, will be frozen together with the wagons and cannot be unloaded. Before unloading, they must be thawed in the thawing room, which not only wastes a lot of time, but also consumes a lot of resources, reduces the efficiency of vehicles, increases transportation costs, and delays production. And 5, that dust suppressant is a powdery product, is more convenient and SAF to store and transport than a liquid dust suppressant, and is not affected by cold weather. Usage: 1. Preparation of the antifreezing dust suppressant solution: according to the local winter temperature, add the antifreezing dust suppressant into the water according to the proportion recommended by the sales engineer, and stir it while adding materials until it is completely dissolved, that is, prepare the dust suppresser solution. 2. Spraying amount of dust suppressant liquid: coal shall be sprayed on the surface of coal at the amount of 1.6 to 2 liters per square meter during railway transportation. If the coal has a high moisture content, the spray rate may be increased to 2.5 to 3.5 liters per square meter for frost protection. Return to Sohu , see more Responsible Editor: (function() { function getBrandHtml() { var brands = [],wiped film distillation, html = ''; for(var i = 0; i < brands.length; i++) { var brand = brands[i]; if(brands.length i+1) { html+= ''+brand.name+''; } else { html+= ''+brand.name+'、'; } } return html; }; if(document.getElementById('linkBtn')){ document.getElementById('linkBtn').onclick = function() { $('#brands').removeClass('brand');$ ( '# tipInfo').text ( 'Real name responded'); $ ('#linkBtn').remove();$ ('.real-response .content').css('line-height', '20px');$ ('.real-response .time').css('line-height', '20px'); }; document.getElementById('brands').innerHTML = getBrandHtml(); }; })();。 toptiontech.com

Original Title: Simple Understanding of Bioreactor Bioreactor refers to any suitable environment or engineering device that provides a biochemical reaction. It usually refers to the use of enzymes (driven by one or a group of enzymes) or organisms (such as microorganisms) to make the device have the function of simulating organisms, which can carry out biochemical reactions outside cells, and can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic reactions in the process of simulation. These systems are used in wine, tissue engineering, biochemical engineering, pharmaceutical production, degradation of organic pollutants, etc. And other applications is a very important device. 。 In terms of sources, it can be divided into natural bioreactors (such as human stomach) and engineering bioreactors (such as fermentation tanks, immobilized enzyme or immobilized cell reactors, etc. These bioreactors are usually cylindrical, with volumes ranging from several liters to several cubic meters, often made of stainless steel). It can be divided into Batch reactor, fed batch and Continuous reactor (such as continuous stirred tank reactor and chemostat) according to the way of adding raw materials. Bioreactors are not the same as chemical reactors. Chemical reactors often require pressurization and heating in the process from raw materials to products,decarboxylation after extraction, which is a high energy-consuming device. Bioreactors, on the other hand, can be chemically synthesized at room temperature and pressure with the participation of enzymes and microorganisms. Therefore, after the advent of bioreactors, the chemical industry sector has paid attention to them. Chemical engineering experts believe that the process of chemical synthesis should be changed to biology as much as possible,nutsche filter dryer, so the design of ideal bioreactors has become an important task of modern biotechnology industry. The microorganisms grown in the bioreactor may be immersed in a liquid medium or attached to the surface of a solid medium. The soaked culture material can be divided into suspension and immobilization: Suspended bioreactors do not require special attachment surfaces, so a greater variety of organisms can be used and larger scale culture operations can be performed than with immobilized cultures; however, in continuous operation, the microorganisms are removed from the reactor along with the effluent. Immobilization is a general term describing a variety of cells, particle attachments, or encapsulations. It can be applied to essentially all types of biocatalysis, including enzymes, organelles, animal and plant cells. It is very useful in a continuously operated process because the organisms are not removed with the reactor effluent, but is therefore limited in the scale of operation because the microorganisms are only present on a limited vessel surface. Examples of large-scale immobilized cell bioreactors: Moving media bioreactor (MBBR) Packed bed reactor (packed bed) A fibrous bed bioreactor Biofilm Biofilm reactor Bioreactor design The design of bioreactors is a complex scientific task of biochemical engineering research. The goal of design is to create an optimal environment in which microorganisms or cells can perform their functions and produce products with impurity levels within standards. Variables such as temperature, jacketed glass reactor ,wiped film evaporator, nutrient concentration, pH, and gas solubility (especially with respect to aerobic fermentation of oxygen) in the bioreactor all affect the growth and productivity of the organism. Temperature: The temperature of the fermentation medium can be maintained by the use of cooling jackets, coils alone, or both; in the case of exothermic fermentation reactions, an additional external heat exchanger is required. In a fed-batch system, the nutrients required for the growth of the microorganisms may be continuously added to the fermenter during cultivation, or added to the reactor at the beginning of fermentation. PH value: Use a small amount of acid or alkali to measure and adjust the pH value of the culture medium. The pH value required for different biochemical reactions varies. Gas Solubility: The reaction gas (especially oxygen) is an essential reactant for aerobic (and less anaerobic) fermentation, but due to the low solubility of oxygen for water, which is the basis of almost all fermentation media, its content is relatively scarce (20.95%) for air, so it is necessary to continuously add air (or pure oxygen) to the reaction system. The rising bubbles in the solution serve to thoroughly mix the fermentation medium and also to "get rid" of waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the solution. In general, bioreactors are pressurized to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Oxygen is usually transported by agitation, which also keeps the nutrients evenly distributed and helps the homogeneous fermentation reaction; gas dispersers (Gas dispersing agitators) are tools used to break up the bubbles and distribute them evenly throughout the vessel. Fouling impairs the overall efficiency of the bioreactor, particularly the exchange of heat in the system. Therefore, to avoid fouling, bioreactors must be designed for easy cleaning. Internal surfaces are usually made of stainless steel to facilitate cleaning and disinfection; typical bioreactors are cleaned batch-to-batch or are designed to reduce the possibility of fouling in continuous operation. The heat transfer capability of a bioreactor is an important part of the design because the overall reaction is indirectly or directly affected by how well the system conducts heat; small conduits can be cooled using cooling jackets, but larger conduits may require coils or external heat exchangers. Expand the full text Sewage treatment Bioreactors are also designed to treat sewage and wastewater. Three wastewater treatment methods are exemplified below: Trickling filter method For the most efficient system, a free-flowing and chemically inert culture medium can be provided to allow the bacteria to decompose the raw sewage. These processes typically pass through a series of separate, sequential large reactors, mechanical separators, or cyclones to accelerate the separation of water and sludge. The Aerators process allows oxygen to be dissolved in the sewage and culture medium to accelerate the decomposition of pollutants. It can treat a large amount of sewage at the same time, so it is often used in urban wastewater treatment. Activated sludge process Submersible mixers provide agitation in anoxic bioreactors to keep solid particles suspended in solution, thereby ensuring that bacteria and organic matter have a chance to "meet" and decompose. The biochemical oxygen demand (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD) of the liquid is reduced enough to be used again. A large amount of solid organic matter, i.e., biosolids, is produced in the process of treating sewage by this method, which can be collected and further treated or dried as fertilizer. Microbial self-purification method A very simple sewage treatment bioreactor refers to setting up a septic tank (leaving the sewage in place) and adding (or not) media to provide a suitable environment for bacteria; In this system, biosludge itself is the main nutrient provider of bacteria (activated sludge) and belongs to a closed system, so it is not affected by floods or saturated ground,cbd centrifugal extractor, but it takes a long time to treat. Therefore, it is suitable for areas with sufficient land and regardless of the efficiency of sewage treatment. Microorganisms are the power engine of biological wastewater treatment, and it is important to closely monitor the quantity and quality of microorganisms in the bioreactor. This can be monitored using an ATP test. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. toptiontech.com

Original Title: Chemical Properties of Titanium Rod and Titanium Electrode Chemical Properties of Titanium Rod and Titanium Electrode Titanium is a very corrosion-resistant metal. The thermodynamic data of titanium show that titanium is a very thermodynamically unstable metal. If titanium can be dissolved to form Ti2 +, its standard electrode potential is very negative (-1.63 V), and its surface is always covered with a passive oxide film. In this way, the stable potential of titanium is stably biased to a positive value, for example, the stable potential of titanium in seawater at 25.d egree. C. is about + 0.09 V. Standard electrode potentials corresponding to a series of titanium electrode reactions are available in chemistry handbooks and textbooks. It is worth pointing out that, in fact, these data are not directly measured, but often can only be calculated from thermodynamic data, and because of the different sources of data, it is not surprising that there are different data for several different electrode reactions that may be expressed at the same time. The electrode potential data of the electrode reaction of titanium show that the surface of titanium is very active and is usually covered with an oxide film formed naturally in air. Therefore,titanium round bar, the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium is due to the fact that there is always a layer of stable, adhesive and protective oxide film on the surface of titanium. In fact, the stability of this natural oxide film determines the corrosion resistance of titanium, including titanium rods,Titanium welding pipe, titanium wires and titanium plates of titanium and titanium alloys. Of course, the corrosion resistance of various brands is different. We have talked about it in the previous content of the website, so I will not say more today. In theory, the P/B ratio of the protective oxide film must be greater than 1. If it is less than 1, the oxide film can not completely cover the metal surface, so it is impossible to play a protective role. If this ratio is too large, the compressive stress in the oxide film will increase accordingly, which will easily cause the rupture of the oxide film and will not play a protective role. The P/B ratio of titanium varies with the composition and structure of the oxide film, titanium filler rod ,titanium bar grade 5, ranging from 1 to 2.5. From this basic point of view, the oxide film of titanium can have better protection performance. When the titanium surface is exposed to the atmosphere or aqueous solution, a new oxide film will be automatically formed immediately. For example, the thickness of the oxide film in the atmosphere at room temperature is 1.2 ~ 1.6 nm, and it increases with time. After 70 days, it naturally increases to 5 nm, and after 545 days, it gradually increases to 8 ~ 9 nm. Artificially enhanced oxidation conditions (such as heating, using an oxidant or anodizing, etc.) Can accelerate the growth of the surface oxide film and obtain a relatively thick oxide film, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of titanium. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of titanium can be significantly improved by anodic oxidation and thermal oxidation. Now our customers have made many similar products with our titanium rods and wires, which shows that this is the way to work. The oxide film of titanium (including thermal oxide film or anodic oxide film) is usually not a single structure, and the composition and structure of its oxide vary with the formation conditions. In general, the interface between the oxide film and the environment may be TiO2, while the interface between the oxide film and the metal may be dominated by TiO. That is to say, the surface of the titanium rod we produced is TiO2, and the interface between the metal and the oxide film is TiO. This, of course, includes titanium plates, titanium alloy forgings are the same, and the surface of titanium alloy bars is more complex. However, whether pure titanium rod, titanium alloy rod or titanium alloy wire, there are transition layers of different valence States in the middle, even non-stoichiometric oxides, which indicates that the oxide film of titanium material has a multi-layer structure. As for the formation process of this oxide film,3d titanium wire, it can not be simply understood as the direct reaction between titanium and oxygen (or oxygen in the air). Various mechanisms have been proposed by many researchers. In the former Soviet Union, workers believed that the hydride was formed first, and then a passive oxide film was formed on the hydride. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original title: What are the advantages of using titanium tubes in reverse osmosis automatic ultrapure water equipment? As water pollution is becoming more and more serious, both industrial production and people's drinking water are threatened. Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, the development of reverse osmosis automatic ultrapure water equipment can solve this problem well. The water quality treated by reverse osmosis automatic ultrapure water equipment meets the national industrial and ultrapure water standards, so reverse osmosis automatic ultrapure water equipment is essential for healthy water use. That is,nickel titanium wire, ultrapure water is treated by distillation and reverse osmosis. The titanium tube in the reverse osmosis full-automatic ultrapure water equipment will gradually replace the original copper alloy tube. Compared with the two, the titanium tube has the following advantages: 1. Under the same operating conditions, the wall thickness of titanium pipe is thinner and the amount of pipe used is less. Generally,titanium bar gr5, the wall thickness of copper alloy pipe is 0. 9mm-1。 2mm; replaced by titanium tube ? Where corrosion is low, the available wall thickness is 0. 5mm thin-walled tube. And 2, the titanium tube has good thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of titanium is 17 W/ (m · K), that of aluminum brass is 100 W/ (m · K), titanium tubing price ,nickel titanium wire, and that of 70/30 cupronickel is 29 W/ (m-k). The thermal conductivity of titanium is the lowest. However, the use of thin-walled titanium tubes, although the thermal conductivity is worse than that of aluminum brass, is comparable to that of 90/10 cupronickel and better than that of 70/30 cupronickel. And 3, the cost performance of the titanium tube is higher. The price of titanium tube can be compared with that of copper alloy tube. Because of the low density of titanium, the mass of titanium tube with the same length is only 50% of that of copper alloy tube when the wall thickness of titanium tube is the same. When the wall thickness of titanium pipe is 50% of that of Copper alloy tube, the mass of titanium pipe with the same heat transfer area is only 1/4 of that. It can be seen that titanium tubes are competitive in terms of price. Expand the full text And 4, the service life of the titanium tube is longer. Because the water is often mixed with sediment and marine organisms, they attach to the heat transfer tube and the tube end, which will erode the copper alloy tube, and the copper alloy will also be corroded by Br- in the water. However, in use, the hydrogen introduced from the external environment is called external hydrogen, specifically, active hydrogen atoms are generated on the surface of the metal through the following ways, and then enter the metal: (1) Titanium equipment is placed in a medium containing molecular hydrogen,ti6al4v, such as a high temperature hydrogen atmosphere. (2) Hydrogen produced by general corrosion or local corrosion of titanium is absorbed by titanium. For example, crevice corrosion is often accompanied by hydrogen absorption. (3) Hydrogen produced when titanium and electronegative metals are subject to galvanic corrosion or cathodic protection. The latter two kinds of hydrogen embrittlement caused by electrochemical corrosion of the cathode are more frequent and can occur without high temperature and high pressure, which should be paid more attention to. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original title: 8418 Steel 8670M Round Steel 8670 Steel Bar Steel grade: 8670M 8670 8418 alloy tool steel die steel 8670M 8670 Chemical composition: 8670 Carbon steel plate Carbon steel bar 8418 Carbon steel strip Carbon steel wire CRS CS steel Tensile plate Tensile bar 8670 low alloy steel 8418 carburizing steel alloy structural steel 8418 alloy structural steel bearing steel 8418 high carbon steel 8670 Carbon steel 8418 Carbon steel Low carbon steel Carbon structural steel 8418 Carbon structural steel Alloy structural steel Boiler plate 8670 steel strip 8418 strip steel wire, iron wire, wire stock, steel coil 8418 round plate die steel 8670 alloy tool steel 8418 alloy steel die steel bearing steel 8418 cast steel cast iron 8670 Round Bar,ti6al4v eli, 8418 Steel Bar, Plain Round,titanium filler rod, 8418 Round Steel, Forged Round, Small Round Bar, 8418 Bar Material, titanium round bar ,titanium seamless tube, Material Steel Bar 8670 Steel 8418 Steel Vessel Plate 8418 Pressure Plate Wear Plate 8670 High Strength Steel 8418 Steel Rod Grinding Rod 8418 Polishing Rod Imported 8670 cutting 8418 zero cutting, comparing what material is similar to what material, how much is it? 8670 steel grade 8418 model, steel plate, 8418 iron plate, 8418 iron rod 8670 plate 8418 bar plate, 8418 light bar 8418 light plate 8418 bar 8670 Cast Steel 8418 Cast Iron, 8418 Cast Forging 8418 Forging, Square Steel 8418 Square Bar, Hexagon Bar Hexagon Steel Manufacturer 8670 cold plate cold rolled plate, 8418 hot plate hot rolled plate, 8418 corresponding to domestic instead of 8418 brand return to Sohu, see more Responsible Editor: (function() { function getBrandHtml() { var brands = [],titanium tubing price, html = ''; for(var i = 0; i < brands.length; i++) { var brand = brands[i]; if(brands.length i+1) { html+= ''+brand.name+''; } else { html+= ''+brand.name+'、'; } } return html; }; if(document.getElementById('linkBtn')){ document.getElementById('linkBtn').onclick = function() { $('#brands').removeClass('brand');$ ( '# tipInfo').text ( 'Real name responded'); $ ('#linkBtn').remove();$ ('.real-response .content').css('line-height', '20px');$ ('.real-response .time').css('line-height', '20px'); }; document.getElementById('brands').innerHTML = getBrandHtml(); }; })(); yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: Titanium Welding Wire, Pure Titanium Wire, Titanium Alloy Wire Classification-Specification-Application The application of titanium and titanium alloy wire are introduced as follow In recent years, with the continuous research and development of titanium, there are more and more kinds of titanium materials, and titanium wire is one of the common titanium materials in life. Generally speaking, titanium and titanium alloy wires refer to titanium products supplied in the form of coils, as well as in the form of straight wires. As far as the diameter size is concerned, the classification standard of titanium wire and titanium rod is not strict. Different countries have different standards. China's standard "GB3623-83" on wire only States that the diameter of titanium and titanium alloy wire is not more than 6mm. Classification of titanium wires According to the form of supply, it can be divided into disc wire and straight wire. Divided into pure titanium wire and titanium alloy wire according to the material According to the use, it can be divided into titanium eyeglass wire, titanium hanger wire, medical titanium wire, titanium welding wire and titanium wire for filtration. Titanium and titanium alloys can be made into different wires according to their different properties. It is generally divided into pure titanium wire, titanium alloy wire,ti6al4v, titanium straight wire, titanium welding wire, titanium-coiled wire, titanium-bright wire and titanium-nickel alloy wire, each of which has different uses. For example, pure titanium eyeglass wire is mainly used to make eyeglass brackets,titanium exhaust tubing, titanium hanger wire is used to hang weight, and titanium-nickel alloy wire is commonly used as memory alloy material. Titanium and titanium alloy wire products are generally hard (Y) and annealed (M), and the surface can be divided into pickled surface and bright surface. Specification of titanium wire A. Specification of titanium wire: φ0.2-φ6.0mm B. Spectacles titanium wire specification: φ1.0-φ6.0mm C. Specification of titanium wire for hanger: φ0.2-φ8.0mm The state of titanium wire Annealing state (M) Hot working state (R) Cold working state (Y) (annealing, ultrasonic inspection) The surface of the titanium wire Acid washed surface Bright surface Application of titanium wire Titanium wire also perfectly "inherits" the advantages of titanium and titanium alloy, with a series of excellent characteristics such as good corrosion resistance, high specific strength, non-magnetic, high biocompatibility, small impedance to ultrasonic wave and good shape memory function. Therefore, titanium and titanium alloy wires are widely used in aerospace, petrochemical, 3d titanium wire ,nickel titanium wire, medical and health, automotive, construction, sports and leisure products and many other fields. Expand the full text Moreover, in recent years, due to its continuous development, its variety has become more and more, which provides more choices for its application in high-performance industrial products and consumer goods. 1. At present, more than 80% of titanium and titanium alloy wires in the market are used as welding wires, such as welding of various titanium equipment, welded pipes, casings, etc. 2. Because of its excellent corrosion resistance, titanium wire has been widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, papermaking and other industries, and can be woven into mesh as seawater filter, pure water filter, chemical filter and so on. 3. In the medical and health industry, because of its excellent biocompatibility, titanium and titanium alloy wires are used to manufacture medical devices, such as crown fixation and skull fixation implanted in the human body. 4. Some titanium alloy wires with shape memory function, such as titanium-nickel alloy wires, are used to make satellite antennas, shoulder pads for clothes, bras for women, frames for glasses, etc. 5. Titanium wire is also used to make fasteners, load-bearing components, springs and so on because of its good comprehensive performance. 6. In the electroplating and water treatment industry, titanium and titanium alloy wires are used to make various electrodes. With the development of the national economy, the demand for titanium and titanium alloy wires is increasing. At present, they are in short supply and have great potential for development. Usage of titanium wire: mainly used for welding of titanium alloy. Medical, sporting goods, glasses, earrings,Titanium 6Al4V wire, headwear, electroplating hangers, welding wire and other industries. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: Analysis of Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Palladium Alloy Material in National Standard TA 9 and American Standard GR7 Titanium has strong corrosion resistance in many media, especially in neutral and oxidizing media, and can also be used in some dilute reducing acids, such as nitric acid of various concentrations from room temperature to boiling point. It has good corrosion resistance to most alkali solutions, such as barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide saturated solutions at room temperature, but it can not be used in boiling sodium hydroxide solution. Titanium does not corrode at all in sea water and is resistant to most organic acids (except formic acid and oxalic acid). Excellent corrosion resistance in wet chlorine and chloride solutions such as chlorite and hypochlorite. The corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solution increases with the increase of pH value of the solution. Titanium and its alloys are widely used in chemical equipment,titanium tubing price, petroleum industry and food industry, and have been extended to aerospace and biomedical fields due to their light weight, high strength,titanium plate gr7, good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Although the electrode potential of titanium is relatively low and its nature is very active, in many media, titanium can exist stably and not be corroded, mainly because in the air or other media, the surface of titanium quickly forms a layer of dense and strong adhesion oxide film with a certain self-repair ability. Compared with titanium, titanium-palladium alloy has stronger corrosion in many reducing media and stronger crevice corrosion resistance than titanium. Palladium in titanium-palladium alloy is a good alloying element for titanium because it shows a certain cathodic effect and can change the anodic polarization characteristics of titanium. Oxalic acid is a kind of organic reducing acid, titanium plate gr7 ,titanium sheet grade 5, which can complex many kinds of metal ions like citric acid. Titanium has good corrosion resistance in many media, but it will produce hydrogen depolarization corrosion in oxalic acid. Titanium palladium alloy Name: Titanium palladium alloy rod Grade: TA 9 titanium rod/GR7 titanium rod Titanium palladium alloys include Ti-0.2Pd, Ti-0.15Pd and Ti-0.13Pd, among which Ti-0.2Pd is widely used in reactors, towers, autoclaves, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, centrifuges, separators, pipelines, pipe fittings and electrolyzers in various strong corrosive environments. Main components: Ti, balance, 0.12 ≤ Pd ≤ 0.25. N ≤ 0.03, C ≤ 0.08, H ≤ 0.013, Fe ≤ 0.250, O ≤ 0.15 Executive standard: ASTMB348,Titanium 6Al4V wire, GB/T2965-07 Physical properties: density 4.51g/cm3, grain size 6.0-7.0 Expand the full text Mechanical property: tensile strength: 270Mpa ≥ σb ≤ 410Mpa, yield strength σb ≥ 165Mpa; elongation: δ ≥ 27% Production condition: Hot working condition (R) Cold working condition (Y) Annealing condition (M) Solid solution condition (ST) Titanium Palladium Alloy Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: 9-Year-Old Scoliosis Child Farewell to Repeated Surgery! "Hong Kong and Macao Medicine and Equipment Communication" First Device Put into Clinical Practice With the help of the "Hong Kong and Macao Medicine and Equipment Link" project, Xiaolei (pseudonym), a 9-year-old patient with severe early-onset scoliosis, became the first beneficiary of the project to introduce the device "magnetic controllable extension titanium rod". With the help of "magnetic controllable extension titanium rod", Xiaolei did not have to undergo a total of 10 large wound operations with full spinal exposure every six months, thus avoiding great pain. On May 3, Professor Zhang Wenzhi, Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital,titanium round bar, University of Hong Kong, led the operation. With the support of the hospital's operating room, anesthesia, ultrasound,titanium exhaust tubing, radiation and other multidisciplinary teams, Xiaolei successfully performed titanium rod implantation and recovered well after the operation. This is the first application of "magnetic controllable extension titanium rod", an epoch-making device for early-onset scoliosis in the mainland. Professor Zhang Wenzhi said that compared with traditional growth rods, this device will bring revolutionary progress in the treatment of such diseases. Photo: Professor Zhang Wenzhi, Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, titanium bar gr7 ,titanium sheet grade 5, University of Hong Kong Zhang Wenzhi: The traditional growth rod needs an open operation every six months to one year to open the wound and then extend the growth rod. So now the advantage of the "magnetic controllable extension titanium rod" is that there is a very small magnetic motor in the growth rod. We can push this motor through external magnetic instruments, and it will automatically extend, which has the advantage of avoiding open surgery later. Expand the full text According to Xiaolei's mother, at the beginning of this year, when they visited Peking Union Medical College Hospital, they learned that Shenzhen Hospital of Hong Kong University had become the first pilot hospital of "Hong Kong and Macao Medicine and Equipment Link", and that "Magnetic Controllable Extension Titanium Rod" as the first approved device would soon be put into clinical use. Under the recommendation and docking of the attending professor in Beijing, Xiaolei and his parents embarked on a trip to Shenzhen in April this year, and had an operation on May 3. The operation was very successful. Subsequently, Xiaolei only needs regular follow-up visits every 2-3 months, stretching in vitro through specific instruments, adjusting the length of the titanium rod and the angle of the spine until it is basically cured. On April 29, the patient, Ms. Yang (not her real name), was injected with the first dose of "anti-D immunoglobulin injection", becoming the first patient to benefit from the "Hong Kong-Macao Pharmaceutical Equipment Communication" project. On May 3, Xiaolei, a child, also underwent a successful operation, becoming the beneficiary of the first imported instrument "magnetic controllable extension titanium rod". Photo: Lu Chongmao, Dean of Shenzhen Hospital, University of Hong Kong Lu Chongmao: "The listing of medical devices must be approved by the state. Different products have different time. Generally speaking, many medical devices in the mainland are three to five years later than those in Hong Kong,Titanium welding pipe, and some are even longer. So through the policy of" Hong Kong and Macao Medical Devices Link ", we can speed up the medical use of more advanced medical devices in Shenzhen and even the whole Greater Bay Area, and also provide data to the state to speed up the approval of listing." END Source | Happy 1062 Reporter | Mai Jie Editor | Qiu Xiang returns to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original title: Management Specification for 5S Fixed Identification of Tools in Factory Workshop Source: Internet 1. Purpose Through 5S activities on tools and toolboxes, redundant tools and sundries are removed, and fixed and visual management is carried out, which is conducive to improving the site, eliminating potential safety hazards, improving production efficiency, promoting TPM of tools, ensuring quality and reducing costs. (Click to register:) 2. Style The tools on the production site shall not be mixed with any materials. One of the following methods shall be reasonably selected for positioning according to the actual situation: 1) bracket positioning Make the bracket (in the shape of iron ring, iron cylinder, iron hook, etc.) and mark the name and specification of the tool with a label beside it, as shown in the following figure: Expand the full text 2) Worktable positioning Make a corresponding partition for each tool on the workbench, or make a partitioned tool tray beside the workbench for positioning, and indicate the name and specification of the tool with a label beside it, as shown in the following figure (click to register:): 3) Positioning of projection plate The yellow projection of the manufacturing tool shall be fixed; for the occasion where it is inconvenient to make the yellow projection, the scriber shall be used to make the projection of the tool, tailor measure tape , or the yellow instant sticker with a width of 10mm shall be used to fix the outline of the object, and the name and specification of the tool shall be indicated with a label beside it, as shown in the following figure: 4) Tool box positioning Make a corresponding partition for each tool in the tool box for positioning, and paste the positioning diagram of the tools in the tool box outside the tool box, as shown in the following figure: 5) Tool rack positioning Labels shall be established for the tool rack to identify the number of the tool rack, the person in charge and the number of layers to be used, and labels shall be used to identify the name, specification and quantity of the tools in each layer. The tools in the rack shall be positioned as required, as shown in the following figure: 6) Toolbox positioning The toolbox is required to establish a location drawing outside the box, identifying the toolbox number, the person in charge and the location, name and quantity of the built-in tools; it is required to establish a location drawing or list inside the box, identifying the location, name and quantity of the built-in tools in the location drawing, and specifying the name, specification and quantity of each layer of tools in the list. The tools in the box should be positioned as required, as shown in the following figure (click to register:). 3 Numbering regulations for tool box and tool rack Toolbox and tool rack are numbered by each area, such as "GA01". Through the 5S improvement activities of tools and toolboxes, we not only reduce the search waste in our work, but also greatly improve our work efficiency. The effect of the improvement of tool cabinets is clear and obvious. There are still five days to go before the activity. Hurry to sign up for our "" and show our own high-value tool cabinets, so that more enterprises and factories can learn from it and improve.. Walk into GAC TOYOTA and see their lean management: Walk into SAIC Volkswagen and see their lean management: New book recommendation: Friends' Association Activities: Committed to the popularization and application of lean management in hospitals Making Lean Popular in Hospitals Poke it before you leave, leave your precious handprint and return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. tape-measure.com